What is..?
SMAD = Small body Mothers Against Decapentaplegic
STAT = Signal Transducer and Activator and Transcription [Stat 1, 2, 3, 4, 5a, 5b, 6] like hello, bagi jela nama senang sikit
JAK = Janus Kinases [Jak 1, 2, 3, Tyk2(asal la tak letak je Jak4, gedik!)]
G protein = Guanine nucleotide binding protein [a molecular switch, active when bound to GTP and inactive when bound to GDP]
GPCR@7-span@serpentine receptor = G-protein-coupled receptor
Protaglandin E binds to at least 4 GPCR, Dopamine and acetylcholine binds to at least 5 GPCR, adrenaline@epinephrine binds to at least 9 GPCR, serotonin@5-HT binds to at least 15 GPCR
RGS protein = Regulator of G-protein Signalling
Regulation of Ras: GEF= Guanine nucleotide exchange factor, GAP = GTPase activating protein
Gs: stimulates adenylate cyclase (Glucagon, ACTH)
Gi: inhibits adenylate cyclase (Prostaglandin PGE1, adenosine), activated by acetylcholine
Gt: stimulates cGMP phosphodiesterase (Photons (rhodopsin))
Gq: stimulates phospholipase C (Bombesin, vasopressin)
G13: activates ion channels (Na+/H+ exchange)(Thrombin)
Gas: stimulate adenylate cyclase, receptor is activated by cholera toxin so the Gas constantly ON.
Gai: inhibit adenylate cyclase, activate MAPK cascades (MAPK3, MAPK2, MAPK), receptor is inactivated by Pertussis toxin so Gai constantly OFF
Gao: activate phospholipase C-b, bukak K+, tutup Ca2+
Gaq: activate phospholipase C-b, activate MAPK cascades
Gbg: opens K+ channels in cardiac muscle, causes hyperpolarisation
Adenyl cyclate converts ATP to cAMP (a second messenger)
RTK activates MAPK cascades via Ras
GPCR and RTK activate:
1. 3 isoforms of PLC: PLC-g, PLC-b and PLC-d
2. PI-3 kinases: p85, p101 and p110
Dopamine: D1-like, D2-like receptors; D1 and D5 couple via Gs stimulating adenylate cyclase; D2, D3, D4 couple via Gi inhibiting adenylate cyclase.
Acetylcholine: 5 muscarinic receptors; M1, M3, M5 couple dengan Gq to stimulate phospholipase C. M2 couples Gi to open K+ channel. M4 couples Gi to inhibit adenylate cyclase. stimulates contraction of skeletal muscle, inhibits contraction of cardiac muscle.
Nak diceritakan pasal serotonin a.k.a 5-HT tak payah la...
Sakit jiwa tak murid-murid? Jangan...thats not even 1/20 of it. Sedap nye kalau bley mengajar budak sekolah menengah benda macam nie, merasa la kau! Rabbi yassir wa la tu 'assir.