Dark spruce forest frowned on either side the frozen waterway. The trees had been stripped by a recent wind of their white covering of frost, and they seemed to lean toward each other, black and ominous, in the fading light. A vast silence reigned over the land. The land itself was a desolation, lifeless, without movement, so lone and cold that the spirit of it was not even that of sadness. There was a hint in it of laughter, but of a laughter more terrible than any darkness; a laughter that was mirthless as the smile of the Sphinx, a laughter cold as the frost and partaking of the grimness of infallibility. It was the masterful and incommunicable wisdom of eternity laughing at the futility of life and the effort of life.
Believe me, i can read other's thoughts. No, not that i have a third-eye or something, but i learn to observe. Although it seems like everyone going against you, actually they are having a very similar objective in their mind, to win the game and make it to the Hall of Fame. So, hold tight soldier, keep smiling and fight! Be not anybody's enemy, but everyone's friend. Read: The most powerful nation on Earth, actually is Imagi-nation.
I once reached that sweetness in my heart where i cannot stop smiling, for no reason and the excitement and joyfulness flew inside me infinitely. It felt like an ultimate freedom. Free from materialistic world, fake, lies and excess demands. It felt like you can just walk around without thinking about the judgements from the others and you are free to do anything, like, anything. It felt like i can be there in the middle of the crowd without worrying about my status, money, knowledge, job, origin, religion, race, skills, height, weight etc. But only once. That very moment is what i hold onto to keep me going through that cracks of society. Narrow and hard for me to breathe another second with all the emotions, gestures, the way they look at me; expressionless freaks me the most as i dont know what they are thinking.
Am i over-passionate when doing something i like? Feel like betrayed when you're the only one who is working hard for it and others step aside and watch, with various excuses. I really need a break. Really.
So these are some part of my Amsterdam trip right before the term started last week. Still got so many things to sort out, expect less update here for time being :)
Less than 1 week i am off to Coventry for my final year. Friends are leaving for their uni as well starting last Saturday, but we had such a great time together during Eidul Fitr this year. But Ramadhan was much happier for me as everyone contacted each other to spare some times for sungkei (breaking fast) cum reunion. Still got loads to do; need to get my new HSBC Atm card at Padungan, Kuching, editing video using Sony Vegas Pro 9 for my cousin wedding which i am a newbie in creating videos, working with hundreds of photos during this 3 months summer holiday, updating my address in Coventry, and most important to-do-note is to find the best Laksa Sarawak paste and Sarawak layered cake for the whole year. I am sure im gonna need pastes more than i did in my second year as i can see tonnes of assignments, seminars, readings, projects etc for final year T_T Hopefully everything would be fine for my final year as im starting to miss Kuching even before leaving for the U.K. Compared to all places i've been in this world, nothing is like Kuching; such a great place to live, socialise and settle down :)
Just want to put up some pictures i took last month at Sematan Beach, Sarawak. Indeed all the beauty in this world only belongs to Allah and He can take back everything in the blink of an eye. Im praying for the safety of my best buddy, Abdul Majied and all brothers and sisters in New Zealand. May we live and die in faith to Allah. Amin.
Of many things, it took me many years to finally accept that every single thing in this world exists because there are reasons behind it, and to finally achieve this sense is absolute happiness to me :) I do believe that how cruel people can be, there must be reasons. How kind people can be there must be reasons. How hot and cold a person is, i tell myself, yeah, the reasons are always slipped in. I constantly ask myself why someone's personality can change very rapidly, parallel with different environments and persons he or she encounters everyday. Thats what we called "adjustment". I'll say adjustments and being a hypocrite are 2 different things, but connected. Adjustments among human beings happenned because they hope for proper relationship with others, while hypocrisy is the practice of professing beliefs, feelings, or virtues that one does not hold or possess, or in other words, not being oneself. In most cases, people are not being themselves because they want to fit into the society and being different sometimes can cause a little too much...awkwardness, shall i say? But i do find it is such an offense to call someone a "weirdo", such a harsh word (maybe). From years to years, personality can change. So who can tell you're not being yourself? Unless they are with you side by side from the day you were born until present time.
Adjustments can only happen slowly, with efforts. You may already came across this one a few times, "One's present can be changed but not the pass". What i am trying to say is, the history which happenned in the past cannot be changed. We grow with environments and to change our nature a.s.a.p is almost impossible, unless brain washing events occur continuously in rare cases. For example, i grew up being a moderate muslim, as in average exposure to Islamic teachings, but still got basic understanding at least. My parents and teachers did not cane me if i forgot (or on purpose) to perform my prayer, to go to mosque for jamaah or to read Al-Quran. No, i dont blame them for any of that but i feel thankful for that. Learning in slow steps, with average exposure to these kind of teachings give me the chance to measure how close i am to the Creator and how far i will be from the Creator without Islam, or in simplified term, to know the limits. I enjoy being a normal teenager; when im having too much fun, i know it is time to slow down, of course with effort and guidance, taking into account the whisperings of Satan and Devils; when being with scholars, those who already know more about Islam than myself, i am attracted to learn some more. Shut up if i know nothing about it and ask. Being a "Mr. Knowing-All" kinda annoying a little bit and i dont want to be like one.
So, stop carrying around "The end is near" sign and do something about it for yourself and others. "Be happy and average, live like you gonna die tomorrow, learn like you gonna live forever".
It has been about a month since im back home. Some friends and family members think im fasting and will celebrate Eid-Fitr this year in England. Well, not everyone is on Facebook arent they? Since Naiim moved to Terengganu, and a few others finished with their degree or continuing theirs somewhere else, so i have not many to visit really this holiday. But its kinda exciting when seeing some of them, how shock they were to see me again and hearing these phrases "Oh, its been long since we last met", "Oh, u've been a lil bit different, maybe fairer aye? Maybe some snow flakes stuck on you (lol!)"(Oh, my skins were much darker back then, thanks to my childhood mates who were so tempted to ask me out in the middle of the day, when the sun stood straight on our head). Not to forget " it has been a year/years, u gained no weight still". I have to buat-buat pekak (pretend deaf) again this upcoming Eid-Fitr, like last year, especially most of my close friend's parents, they like to express their disappointment(?) how slim and slender i am. Aiyo, Pakcik and Makcik, what do you expect from someone like me after a month of fasting? Gaining another 5 kilos of weight? Thats why we called Ramadhan, the fasting month, where people dont eat during the day, for 30/29 days. I went to bazar Ramadhan after 9 days of fasting, and from what i saw, people are lesser this year than the year before. But one thing about this year's Ramadhan is, even before the very old guy sitting on big chair announcing which day we gonna start fasting, you can hear firecrackers. Well, almost every night i must say. Been missing this last year, so im going to enjoy every bits of the sound. I still got a month to go before going back to uni, so most of the time i am jobless or part time employer of me parents enterprise. I've re-enrolled last week (since i got nothing else better to do), a bit nervous, sad and exciting to be a finalist next October. Surely very busy, with all the projects and essays, so those finalist-to-be, enjoy your penultimate year holiday to the fullest. We'll be working continuously throughout the year starting next month :S Happy fasting people, no matter where you are :)
"O Allah, on this last day of Syaaban and starting of Your holy month Ramadhan, let Awang Najib Awang Mohamad be an average man full with kindness, happiness and good health, let him be a good asset for his family, friends, orphans and religion especially Palestinians and Iraqis"
*Thanks for your du'a and wishes :))
Do you ever think about why Thailand, Indonesian and Malaysian ghost movies are even scarier than vampires from Europe continent? Have you seen this movie called "The Shutter" which is originally made in Thailand that you can still feel "something" is sitting on your shoulder until now; but when you saw the movie in English version, it just made you went-lol (laughing out loud)? This opens my mind about this issue; to be specific among Malaysian family and friends every time i go back to my home country over holidays.
At the beginning, i was confused during my first time moving into our house in Coventry, United Kingdom. To be honest, it really freaked me out to have chosen, or not in my best luck, to get a small room on second floor, with a bag cupboard's door creaking every night when the wind hit, and a window directly above my bed in a 3 storey house. I was afraid i can see "things" flying outside when i was asleep. Why? Because i experienced it myself when staying for about week at one of my friend's house on Hearlsall Lane, just a few blocks away from my house, with the thought that "thing" will come and find me. Alhamdullillah, i never even once experience any scary moments in the house, even when i was alone until i moved out last July, although a few housemates and some other friends did tell us that they saw "things" in both of our toilets on ground floor and first floor back then. So the questions i asked myself, why not me myself at least once have "seen" or encounter this entity in our own house when i've experienced like a lot, at other's places and here in Malaysia? Goosebumps - yes in Malaysia, no in England? Why there are so many what we Malaysian called "buatan orang", where people send "things" to harm whom they dislike but in England, we might be called ridiculous to believe such things? Refer back to Rukun Iman and Holy Al-Quran, we Moslims read and give our full trust on, that there are such things namely ghosts or spirits or "ghaib" in this world. Believe me when you are reading this post, there is/are thing(s) beside/not far from you, reading this together, with you, maybe on your shoulders or it is holding you legs, wallahu 'alam.
Here's the thing. Its the mentality and thoughts that differentiate those believers and disbelievers. When i am alone, i tend to empty my mind, and what comes into my mind first is going to be the story of the day until i change it, either indirectly or forcefully. Its the power of mind that controls it all. If you think of a general idea, for example, a house, the subthoughts will determine what it is going to be about. Let me give you some interesting examples of 3 ways of thinking, given a big empty, kinda isolated house (there are hundreds, maybe millions of probabilities its gonna direct you): creativity, reality and fear. For someone who is creative, he will imagine of unique design of the house, decorating it inside out, so comfy to live in. For someone who sticks with reality, he will try to see outside and grab the first image of another house he saw and design it as other common daily people will. And last but not least, a fearful person, he tends to put fences first, then calls out Tok Bomoh to enchant the house to chase away the bad spirits. You got the idea? Its a mind game that determines everything, or to keep it real, almost everything.
I admit there are bad people who mistreat their knowledge of this "another dimension world", or maybe God knows, bad spirits which are naturally harmful to us. But its about how we handle it, either you get in control or be controlled. Try to think of the best way to treat and handle this kind of problem, but if it is out of control, never think twice to ask for helps and advices from the experts, those who are real i meant, who does not lead us muslims to kufar/kufur, who believe in The Almighty and rigid knowledge of Al-Quran. Remember this, only human will hurt another humanbeings, those from so-called "another dimension" will never bother you in any typical cases. You see something unusual, keep silent and it will not follow you around. We share the same world, but different dimensions...shhh... :)
Curiousism:
I once said to a friend, maybe about 5 years ago, when he got a broken arm from a rugby game; "How interesting your life can be?" Guess thats not a very suitable phrase for someone who is waiting to get his arm cemented but he agreed. I myself never had any broken bones, i was a very careful person because my parents always remind me not to join any dangerous sports for good reasons obviously. But i always imagine im a scriptwritter of my own life, a plot must have up and down sides to make it more interesting. I grab every chances to expose myself to dangerous activities or plans, like travelling alone, changing life plans by means of outside comfort zones and so on. Now, i had more than enough of ups and downs, sometimes the downs are bit too many than ups, making me a bit depressed sometimes. Well, every act has its own consequences. So take it or leave it. Oh, the friend of mine said to me; "Now yours is much more interesting".
Emotivism:
Im really glad to have the chance to travel half way around the world because now i realised i was totally an emotivist, acts based on feelings. It needs a very long explanation, if not i may misinterpret the real meaning of the word. For examples, if we tell someone that a course of action is wrong, we are not describing properties of that action but rather merely expressing our feelings, our attitudes toward the action in atttempting to arouse similar feelings or attitudes in the listeners. This happens a lot in Malay cultures. The elders always say it is wrong to do this and that, but never really explain why. No offence, but just as an example, correct me if i got it wrong. In opposite, a few outsider's cultures are being more frank in saying something is wrong with very clear explanation. Complex isn't it? Similarly, from what i've read, accountants and economists cannot work in the same room. Accountants are being more careful in spending money while economists want to invest as much as they can to ensure positive economic growth. In simpler term, everyone is different.
Positivism:
When i am on my downsides, i always try to reach the upside as hard as i could. It may be working 24/7 in the same room, i dont really care as long as i can climb the stairs again. But sometimes being a positivist has its own cons. Let me tell you this, there are a numbers of things in this world that cannot be change, accept that. For instance, i got robbed last year, i am still in hope of my stuff will come back to me, with the thoughts of those robbers will be better persons. Obviously, thats just a ridiculousness. My friend's house got broken into last week and i lost my laptop, and i think maybe the burglar needs it more than me. Thats a little....too kind of thought. No, im not saying be a positivist is wrong at any angle. It helps me to feel better everytime bad things happen to me.
Conclusion(-ism):
Believe me, after 20 years, i have more ambitions than i did when i was in primary school, when my classroom teacher asked me to fill the 3 columns, what i want to be when i grow up. One of the columns i wrote "Prime minister". Gosh, i still dont know why did i write that one down. But Dr. Mahathir was an educator, wasnt he? See, im playing with your mind. You might say, "Oh, he is such an ambitious person" or " Thats just a joke, this kind of person will never be one". Some individuals like to make a conclusion from what they read, what they saw, maybe with no further investigation. I admit i am one of those, well maybe sometimes. Im still looking for that rigid point, where sustainability can be achieved; if it does exist. You found it? Let me know.
Oh im so excited, way too excited to go home this time, maybe because i've been homeless for about a week, almost all friends are back in Malaysia now and today, my turn! So basically in this 12 hours time before my flight, im trying to find something worthy to do, rather than just watching clock "tik tok" ing, counting every second. So i went through profiles on Facebook (oh being a little nosey am i? Dont worry im not a permanent stalker, just a temporary one lol since i have nothing else better to do) and found this profile of a small guy name X. He's a friend of mine, a quiet one. I opened his page because he got this awesome quote, not just quoting but improving the quote to suit us better. Thus i clicked on "older posts" tab. Full with meaningful quotes i should say. Since im gonna write based on his quote which he quoted from someone else which is someelse's quote (i'll stop there) i just put a simple reference then.
"A strong man is with a strong heart" (Mr.X, 2010) Recent years, i try to gain a few more pounds, hoping to hear from friends and family to say this to me: "its been awhile since i saw you, now you gain weight". Thats a meaningful sentence i've been waiting for ages, but nah sadly i dont get it. I tried a number of options; weight gain, mini gym in my room, loads of meal per day but still +/- 1kg. Ladies always express their jealousy because i can maintain my weight no matter how many times i eat, but hey im a guy, i need to be big and strong. Even the first line of defence in war, the war-fighters have big nice muscles and Islam itself says men must be strong to join the war. That is what im aiming for. I'll stop you there. Strong does not mean just "physically strong", there are different angles where we will say someone is strong. Geniuses, they are intelectually stronger than rugby players, women and men are strong in different fields. So why The Creator created Eve for Adam? To complement each other of course. Back to physically strong topic, what if someone who is born genetically dwarf, no matter how hard he tries to gain a few more inches of height, it ain't working. Why aim for the same thing if you know it is not for you, life is fair, try to find something where your strenght lies in. Maybe you see someone is academically good, very sporty and success in their life because others keep encouraging him by praising him all the time and you only stand behind the curtains, watching him from afar, wishing to be more like him. This world does not work that way, each and every single birth is unique and you are born for something, not nothing. I can feel, i am born for something great although i have not find it (or maybe i already did, or maybe ongoing and i dont realise it, who knows?) Same works to others, i dont see why a walking person should be laughed because of their weaknesses, their sizes or anything. Joke is a joke, but i do find this thing is a serious offence as a human. We are all Khalifah on this world, no matter how bad or good you are, how good-looking or moderate-looking you are, how rich or less money you have, we are still equal. Counter-balance. Although im not good at talking big, or just a walking skeleton, or whatelse, i honour my strong heart to keep on going no matter what. Wahh, that feels good, it really is :) Just remember, keep down to earth no matter how success you are, help others when they are in need, dont ever think you are better than someone else at all course because at the end, we will end up at the same place. Where? Deep down the Earth with nothing. Well, joke is fine, i always joke around with friends, especially my big-sized belly friends, hoping the karma will get back to me and i will gain some more weight lol. Well then, pray for my safety during my home journey inshaAllah. Kuching, here me come! :)
I always envy artists, not the ones who sing on stage on specific term but those whose work shows exceptional creative ability or skill; music, arts, cookings. It is such a broad term where i always thought im not an artist myself; well at least i got an A- once in my art class during my secondary school (oh that lad was such a handy guy, never wanting to give us As) and i played flute as well, not anymore at university. Some people tend to speak their minds and some interpret their feelings in another forms, be it musical notes, drawings and even gestures. These two groups of people are everywhere, and i work hard to slowly distinguish them. If you are good enough, try to read what is playing in mind through others' eyes. It is such a beauty of art and believe me not, it helps for indirect therapy of every single walk of life. Even if they yell in your face, bang the door (just examples of course) emotionally brain has 2 options; it can direct you to anger or, can release them in parts by giving commands to express your feelings in another forms like i said earlier. Based on my own experience in early stage, i preferred to clump those hatred, all the negative feelings deep inside me and then, puff automatically i felt sleepy and went to bed, then woke up feeling normal again. But it did not completely gone of course, bits of the negative energy still left and become parts of my life. Sounds not that good isn't it? I realised not long ago, the brain keeps telling me to do something creative like "hey, you should learn how to play piano, or violin or whatsoever" or "hey, i dont like this arrangement of room of yours, change it you dumb dumb" to keep me away from negative energy, to think pass through them just like that. Sometimes it tends to direct me to do something not that possible for me in my current situation like "oh man, this is so disappointing, you should fly somewhere to gain your calmness, like New York maybe New Zealand" Well at least both places got the word "new" in them. Out of nowhere, there is a tiny voice telling the brain "Are you out of your mind, mind?" I wonder where did the voice come from but it always keep me smiling inside. Im sure its the heart, and it acts both positive and negative feedback on every doings. A number of movies do have this kind of dialogue; " Listen to your heart" and i think the script-writter must be a strong-hearted person. How to be a good cook? Listen to your heart. Nah, im just joking.
Forth day:
It feels good to be back and meeting mates after my so-called McCandless Journey where i challenge myself to be stronger to face the certain outcome later in my life. By means of my inner strenght of course without being dependent on others, standing on my own feet. A mate asked where had i been and i was joking i ran away because he didnt give me a hand to clean my friggin big house, although im a bit disappointed to be honest that day, but not for long, maybe just for a night. It is such a tiny thing for me and he took it seriously and i just laughed. No, i dont give a fuck of small things anymore; to be asked to hang out with others, to be served for dinner, to be accompanied when i am lonely, to be comforted when im sad. Im facing bigger challenge now, should i say, more like a slow life-threatening. I wonder if i still can depend on others now, and the feeling of dependent to others slowly fade away, im scared to ask for help or talk about my problems, even to my family and parents. Although im staying in this big city of Birmingham at the moment, it feels like it is surrounded by big trees and no human population at all. Hence, it feels really good when i can write about it because for me to nag to others now, i should think twice. Disappointment comes where they always say "hey im your friend, you can talk to me about anything" and obviously its not. Oh yes, im such a loner now as im preparing myself to face a bigger challenge after student life. I guess loads of people are pissed off with me because im being such a jerk and secretive, but hey let me tell you guys, im sorry about everything, thats the only way i can try to fade off from our fancy life, full with friends and gadgets, oh and also money, im trying not to give a fuck of anything anymore because im training myself to be mentally and emotionally prepared. Maybe i overdo it, but what does matter to me now is i must be prepared and i cannot delay it any second. Kidulthood no more, say hello to adulthood. Oh im just gonna repeat this again, sensitivity is not my thing anymore.
Dear life,
Have i grown stronger? Or am i getting weaker? Recently a few events pushed my serenity to the limit and my anger and disappointment which i lock deep inside for years almost burst or maybe it already did. Where is the patience? I feel sorry for myself when im in that condition, and the best way to solve the problem is to go away for awhile, not to run away from the problem, but to think carefully. Regain the strength to put the anger and disappointment where they should be, far away from the heart. If i lost other organs, i dont want to lose my heart and sanity. My aim is to be a strong-willed person, even if i feel like living alone in this world, when i feel helpless, and in grief. Humans tend to get annoyed when you nag to them, when you ask for help and when you show the your weak points, but He will always be with you when you nag to Him anytime, anywhere. I wonder if i can survive the challenges, but i believe if i keep giving the happiness to others but i dont get them back, there will always be next time. To ask for help is a nature for human-being, so dont feel sorry when you asked for one. But dont be too dependent of others as you will end up hurting yourself, physically and mentally when you did not get one. Is there any decent person for me in this lifetime? Im sure there is as i know you are fair, life deary.
“There was an old person of Dean,
Who dined on one pea and a bean;
For he said, ‘More than that,
Would make me too fat,’
That curious old person of Dean.”
(One Hundred Nonsense Pictures and Rhymes. Edward Lear.)
In case readers are wondering what this rhyme is about, 'tis connected to the discovery of insulin functions, mainly to lower the blood glucose. i just find it catchy, hence the upload. [glucagon increases blood glucose]
Been working straight 72 hours with only 4ish hours of sleep and yes, quoted from sheraz "you still alive man!" yet some of the short questions were unanswerable, especially for cell biology and pharmacology and just put anything that crossed my mind for essay parts, hopefully that will help inshaAllah! Im satisfied with the effort, just leave it to Allah and working for my last bits.
Make use of your surrounding to get the most out of it. When you are at the lower side, there is always people around you; friends or completely strangers, to pull you to the brighter side. And when you're on your strong stands, why don't you try to get hold of others when they need them? One of the many reasons to keep you smile...
Keep giving although the value pays no mind, and it is very shocking of how much you will get back from it. Altruism it is, the survival of the ''nicest''.
One thing about human beings in this decade, (almost) all are suffered from heart disease. What is the meaning? It's the anger and jealousy that drive people crazy; they argue its only a way to participate in competition of life. I throw away my anger and jealousy, i feel much better :) but they always come back, we're human after all so allow for mistakes.
In a chess game, even a pawn can be promoted to become a queen, after all the obstacles; and a queen's fate is still in the player's hand. Wallahu 'alam.
I dreamt i swimmed calmly all night long last night, how cool is that? very relaxing although i still have 9 papers to go lol. My brain must be missing swimming pool very badly, its like about a year i havent go for swimming. A cool way how brain works to relax himself...
Polymerase chain reactions
this is experimental technique used to make very large amounts of target DNA sequence in vitro. it allows DNA to become aplified several billion fold, effectively purifying the DNA away from the rest of the genome. DNA polymerase uses a single stranded DNA template to 'prime' DNA synthesis. simultaneously priming of both DNA strands at the edges of desired target sequenced by adding and annealing 2 specific primers. DNA is then synthesised using a DNA polymerase. 2 primers are different which are designed to be complementary with target DNA at different locations. it is necessary to have primers of at least 20 bases to ensure specificity.
3 steps of PCR
1. denaturation: denature double stranded DNA to single strands at 95 degree celcius.
2.Annealing: anneal primers to the single stranded DNA at 55 degree celcius
3. extension: DNA is extended by DNA polymerase in 5' to 3' direction at 60 degree celcius.
each step takes about 1 minute, thus one complete cycle takes about 3 minutes.
PCR reactions now have been automated using Taq polymerase. this means enzyme is only added at the beginning and not after every each denaturation step which is very laborious. cycles will continue provided that in the reaction there are sufficient primers and nucleotides.
application of PCR
1. cloning: to isolate genes whose genes are wholly or partially known. after cycles, isolate PCR products from a gel by cutting out the amplified fragments and ligate into vector. no need to screen the library.
2. detect rare events; for example the presence of rare virally infected cells or low abundance pathogens in sample
3. for molecular evolution studies
4. useful in forensic science to detect crime, CSI!
5. diagnose genetic disorder such as Duchenne Muscular dystrophy (musle degenerates)-multiplex pcr products
DNA repair
intro: cell possess systems which can recognise mismatches and structural distortions in DNA
2 main causes of cell damage: physical and chemical agents e.g. UV; errors in DNA replication
2 general classes of DNA damage: single base changes; structural distortions
5 repair systems:
1. direct repair: photoactivation, deoxyribopyrimidine
2.mismatch repair: uracil mismatched, uracil DNA glycosidase (UDG), DNA Pol 1 and DNA ligase, Mut S, Mut L, Mut H, Mut U
3. excision repair: very short, shor or long patch. enzyme UvrABC, UvrD, Dna Pol 1, DNA ligase
4. Tolerance repair: translesion systhesis polymerase (TSP), in e.coli polymerase IV and V, dinB, UmuC, UmuD, medical interest: xeroderma pigmentosum
5. retrieval repair: best repair, use other repair systems, SOS response, lexA, lexA box, SulA, cell division
splicing event
splicing process:
introns interrupt the protein coding region of mRNA. intron sequences occur in DNA and transcribed into pre-mRNA. introns must be removed accurately. splicing rection is catalysed by SNURPS and takes plase in a complex called spliceosome. spliceosome complex consists of pre-mRNA and several different SNURPS. mature mRNA only exits nucleus after splicing process is complete. splice sites are specified by sequence at the ends of the introns at the end of introns at the 5' and 3' splice junctions. GU-AG rule is constant in all splicing process involving spliceosome.
transesterification:
step 1. 2'OH group of adenosine nucleotide in the intron attacks the phosphodiester bond at 5' splice site. bonds breaks and new phosphodiester bond is formed.
step2. 3'OH group of free 5' exon attacks 3' splice site. net result of this is the exons are joined and introns are released as branched lariat structure.
since the number of phosphodiester bond is constant, no energy is used in this process.
self splicing introns pure: pure preparations of some RNA transcripts slowly splice the introns IN THE ABSENCE OF ANY PROTEINS.
group I introns: this occurs in nuclear rRNA genes in protozoan. the event involves the 2 transesterifications. role of 3'OH of G cofactor is similar to that of 2'OH of the branch point adenosine in spliceosomal mechanism. but G cofactor is not part of RNA chain i.e it is not carried together like the spliceosomal machinery components.
group II introns: this group of introns occur in mitochondria and chloropast in plants and fungi. introns fold into conserved secondary structure containing stem loops. the splicing mechanism also involves the 2 transesterifications similar in spliceosomal splicing. SNURPS in spliceosome functions similar to the stem loops in group II introns. thus it is hypothesised that spliceosome mechanism probably had evolved from self-splicing mechanism. secondary structures of group II self splicing introns and U SNURPS present in spliceosome. maturases bind to group II intron and increase the rate of splicing. maturases is said to stabilise the 3D structure of intron while SNURPS is said to stabilise the structures in spliceosomal splicing.
DNA topology
the great majority of DNA in living cells occurs as B form. there are certain flexibilities within B form. 1. the number of base pairs per turn of helix can be altered. 2. helix in the cell is not straight, but rather coil in 3D space. 3. there are certain sequence feature where bends occur. 4. transcription and replication require strand separation.
supercoiling: the DNA in the cell is coiled in 3D and this introduces torsional stress into the molecule. this is known as supercoiling, which can be either negative or positive: negative supercoiling is when the twist of the DNA is opposite to the right hand of the helix. positive supercoiling is when the twist of supercoiling is in the same direction as the turn of the helix.
the torsional stress can be accomodated in 2 ways: 1. formation of superhelices 2. altering the number of base pairs per turn of helix. these 2 possible responses can be incorporated into a single concept; the linking number, L or the total number of times that the strands cross each other in a plane. formula that can be use L=W+T where W is the writhing number, corresponds to the superhelicity and T is the the twisting number, the helical winding measurement.
topoisomerases: this is an enzyme that can alter the number of DNA molecules and there are 2 types of topoisomerase:
Type 1 topoisomerase: this type breaks one strand of the DNA, pass the other strand through and gap and seal the break. linking number, L changes by +/- 1.
Type 2 topoisomerase: this type breaks both strands of the DNA and pass ANOTHER PART OF HELIX through the gap and seal the break. the linking number change by +/-2. example of this type of topoisomerase is DNA gyrase in DNA replication.
Everyone is talking about the new iPhone which is coming out this month. Some people busy with their pre-order; some just updating their status, wishing to have more money in their bank account to participate in the so-called world lifestyle contest. I used to be very envious of every single thing that people haveand i still am, to be honest.
But, a reminder for myself and people out there, what it is for? Whats the purpose? Can it gives any benefits to our beloved Palestinian brothers who suffer the Gaza crisis? With one single product from Apple, they can make us forget. What if Apple is working with the Laknatullah Israelis? No, im not saying they are because i dont know anything about them, im just giving an assumption to think about. Dont change your mind yet because of a single sentence. Make your own research, and think again before you do something. Which one do you want to choose, the lifestyle here in this world or the lifeafter? This is perfectly a reminder for myself and if it does make the readers think, that's good. I want to invest for my lifeafter starting every single day, i dont want to miss the joy im giving to others, not only for myself. Im much happier when i know even one pence i give will help others.
Talking about giving, i want to quote from Friday khutba last week. Even if you give 1000 or even a million but if you do not do the obligation, for example myself as muslim to pray 5 times a day which is still a big problem for me, dont even bother about the other kindness you did. It makes me think, Allah is the Most Merciful and every single deed counts. I've tried my best to be as near as i can to achieve 'good muslim' title but to be frank, praying 5 times a day is still hard to achieve the 'istiqamah' status especially Subuh prayer. But again, i quote from somewhere i can't remember, even Rasulullah (PBUH) said "even the heaven for me is not a guarantee not until I got blessing from Allah the Almighty". and i believe although if im standing between the line that separate the Heaven and Hell, i pray to You to make it easy for me inshaAllah.
Remember, the older we grow, the more money we get, the closer we are to our death. Im not a good muslim yet i still wish to do the best to achieve this. Amin.
Again, my tutor does the miracle. He helps me to calm down a bit, syukur alhamdulillah. Key point: understand and keep calm.
Dear life,
I was stunned today by how much the surrounding can teach me about 'you'. Different people from different continents, different countries, different races, different ages that walk pass through me everyday have different kind of 'you' but we are all leading the equal sum. And how dare am i to say that 'you' are so unfair? I heard a story from a friend which i thought is having a normal 'you' based from his expression, but actually deep inside his heart, no one knows really. I bet i am learning to be an adult now, and i guess my brain structure is changing too (it was from my neurobiology lecture though, brain changes when learning as an adult). 'You' are that beautiful when i can see 'you' from different angles and i guess the word "lucky" does not really affect me now. Hope i can hold onto the beautiful side of 'you' until the Time comes, all the best for me and 'you': life deary :)
*Bunuh orang macam bunuh ayam. Wahai Israel, the time will come. It will.
What is..?
SMAD = Small body Mothers Against Decapentaplegic
STAT = Signal Transducer and Activator and Transcription [Stat 1, 2, 3, 4, 5a, 5b, 6] like hello, bagi jela nama senang sikit
JAK = Janus Kinases [Jak 1, 2, 3, Tyk2(asal la tak letak je Jak4, gedik!)]
G protein = Guanine nucleotide binding protein [a molecular switch, active when bound to GTP and inactive when bound to GDP]
GPCR@7-span@serpentine receptor = G-protein-coupled receptor
Protaglandin E binds to at least 4 GPCR, Dopamine and acetylcholine binds to at least 5 GPCR, adrenaline@epinephrine binds to at least 9 GPCR, serotonin@5-HT binds to at least 15 GPCR
RGS protein = Regulator of G-protein Signalling
Regulation of Ras: GEF= Guanine nucleotide exchange factor, GAP = GTPase activating protein
Gs: stimulates adenylate cyclase (Glucagon, ACTH)
Gi: inhibits adenylate cyclase (Prostaglandin PGE1, adenosine), activated by acetylcholine
Gt: stimulates cGMP phosphodiesterase (Photons (rhodopsin))
Gq: stimulates phospholipase C (Bombesin, vasopressin)
G13: activates ion channels (Na+/H+ exchange)(Thrombin)
Gas: stimulate adenylate cyclase, receptor is activated by cholera toxin so the Gas constantly ON.
Gai: inhibit adenylate cyclase, activate MAPK cascades (MAPK3, MAPK2, MAPK), receptor is inactivated by Pertussis toxin so Gai constantly OFF
Gao: activate phospholipase C-b, bukak K+, tutup Ca2+
Gaq: activate phospholipase C-b, activate MAPK cascades
Gbg: opens K+ channels in cardiac muscle, causes hyperpolarisation
Adenyl cyclate converts ATP to cAMP (a second messenger)
RTK activates MAPK cascades via Ras
GPCR and RTK activate:
1. 3 isoforms of PLC: PLC-g, PLC-b and PLC-d
2. PI-3 kinases: p85, p101 and p110
Dopamine: D1-like, D2-like receptors; D1 and D5 couple via Gs stimulating adenylate cyclase; D2, D3, D4 couple via Gi inhibiting adenylate cyclase.
Acetylcholine: 5 muscarinic receptors; M1, M3, M5 couple dengan Gq to stimulate phospholipase C. M2 couples Gi to open K+ channel. M4 couples Gi to inhibit adenylate cyclase. stimulates contraction of skeletal muscle, inhibits contraction of cardiac muscle.
Nak diceritakan pasal serotonin a.k.a 5-HT tak payah la...
Sakit jiwa tak murid-murid? Jangan...thats not even 1/20 of it. Sedap nye kalau bley mengajar budak sekolah menengah benda macam nie, merasa la kau! Rabbi yassir wa la tu 'assir.
