Cell Signalling

What is..?

SMAD = Small body Mothers Against Decapentaplegic

STAT = Signal Transducer and Activator and Transcription [Stat 1, 2, 3, 4, 5a, 5b, 6] like hello, bagi jela nama senang sikit

JAK = Janus Kinases [Jak 1, 2, 3, Tyk2(asal la tak letak je Jak4, gedik!)]

G protein = Guanine nucleotide binding protein [a molecular switch, active when bound to GTP and inactive when bound to GDP]

GPCR@7-span@serpentine receptor = G-protein-coupled receptor

Protaglandin E binds to at least 4 GPCR, Dopamine and acetylcholine binds to at least 5 GPCR, adrenaline@epinephrine binds to at least 9 GPCR, serotonin@5-HT binds to at least 15 GPCR

RGS protein = Regulator of G-protein Signalling


Regulation of Ras: GEF= Guanine nucleotide exchange factor, GAP = GTPase activating protein

Gs: stimulates adenylate cyclase (Glucagon, ACTH)

Gi: inhibits adenylate cyclase (Prostaglandin PGE1, adenosine), activated by acetylcholine

Gt: stimulates cGMP phosphodiesterase (Photons (rhodopsin))

Gq: stimulates phospholipase C (Bombesin, vasopressin)

G13: activates ion channels (Na⁺/H⁺ exchange)(Thrombin)

Gas: stimulate adenylate cyclase, receptor is activated by cholera toxin so the Gas constantly ON.

Gai: inhibit adenylate cyclase, activate MAPK cascades (MAPK3, MAPK2, MAPK), receptor is inactivated by Pertussis toxin so Gai constantly OFF

Gao: activate phospholipase C-b, bukak K+, tutup Ca2+

Gaq: activate phospholipase C-b, activate MAPK cascades

Gbg: opens K+ channels in cardiac muscle, causes hyperpolarisation

Adenyl cyclate converts ATP to cAMP (a second messenger)

RTK activates MAPK cascades via Ras

GPCR and RTK activate:

1. 3 isoforms of PLC: PLC-g, PLC-b and PLC-d

2. PI-3 kinases: p85, p101 and p110

Dopamine: D1-like, D2-like receptors; D1 and D5 couple via Gs stimulating adenylate cyclase; D2, D3, D4 couple via Gi inhibiting adenylate cyclase.

Acetylcholine: 5 muscarinic receptors; M1, M3, M5 couple dengan Gq to stimulate phospholipase C. M2 couples Gi to open K+ channel. M4 couples Gi to inhibit adenylate cyclase. stimulates contraction of skeletal muscle, inhibits contraction of cardiac muscle.

Nak diceritakan pasal serotonin a.k.a 5-HT tak payah la...

Sakit jiwa tak murid-murid? Jangan...thats not even 1/20 of it. Sedap nye kalau bley mengajar budak sekolah menengah benda macam nie, merasa la kau! Rabbi yassir wa la tu 'assir.

Malu

Came across this: " Seseorang tidak akan dimasukkan ke syurga dengan sebab amalannya." Sahabat bertanya: " Walaupun kamu ya Rasulullah ?" Baginda menjawab : Walaupun saya , melainkan dengan limpahan rahmat ALLAH kepadaku. " (Riwayat al-Bukhari ). Ever think of this? 5 times per day prayers, reciting holy Al-Quran and talk about Islam 24/7 will never enough to be compared to what Rasulullah had done and he (PBUH) said "even me..in the guarantee of Heaven", really make me shy down to Earth :S Let's reflect-i do forget to do some of the commands, khusyu' is way to far to talk about because too many things going in mind. We're running out of time really, but we can try to do our best. ;)

Promise

Manusia berpegang pada janji, hendaklah ditepati. This quote really freak me out to make any promises, so the best way: inshaAllah? I'll try to fulfil all the words that come from me mouth, sorry if i forget, remind me if i do. N.B. One thing to do: birthday cake izzat!*think

Summer bits